The cause of epilepsy, like the classifications and types of epilepsy are broad and complex. In the past, the causes of epilepsy were divided into two areas which were idiopathic (primary) and symptomatic (secondary). Idiopathic epilepsy is epilepsy where no reason for the epilepsy can be found by investigating the sufferer’s history or through medical examination. Symptomatic epilepsy is epilepsy that has an underlying cause such as an injury to the brain. Symptomatic epilepsies can have many different causes including insults, neurovascular disease etc. In recent years it has been argued that the aetiology of epilepsy is more complex than the simple dichotomy of idiopathic and symptomatic causes. It has been argued that the appearance of epilepsy can be influenced by many factors that include genetics, the environment and normal physiological factors, (Griffin & Wyles, 1991).

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The French League Against Epilepsy, Aircardi et al (1969), have argued that the genetic influence of epilepsy should be viewed in terms of an increased predisposition to convulse. The predisposition to convulse may not necessarily result in the appearance of a seizure because the individual may never come into contact with the environmental triggers that may precipitate a seizure. The avoidance of such triggers would therefore mitigate the expression of seizures. Brown (1976) has argued that the child of one epileptic parent has a two to three percent chance of developing epilepsy. However, the chance of developing epilepsy if both parents have epilepsy rises dramatically to twenty five percent.

Epilepsy is not always a discrete illness, that is to say epilepsy occurs in many individuals as a bi-product of an overall disorder or illness. An example would be that of a metabolic disorder such as hypoglycaemia which results in low blood glucose levels and resulting epileptic seizures. Although the individual does not have epilepsy, low blood glucose levels can precipitate an epileptic seizure. Low calcium levels and drugs, especially alcohol, can precipitate epileptic seizures.

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